A milling machine is a power-driven equipment used for the complex shaping of workpieces, by allowing its rotating cutter to remove material from the object. The cutter can move along different axes to create a variety of shapes, slots, holes, and other features in the workpiece.

Milling machines are common in machining and metalworking, but they are also suitable for precision woodworking.

Key Components and Functions

Here are some key components and functions of milling machines:

• Worktable or Workpiece Bed: This is the platform where users secure the workpiece. Users can move it in different directions (longitudinal, crosswise, and vertically) to position the workpiece under the cutting tool.
• Cutting Tool: The cutting tool, called the milling cutter, is usually mounted on a spindle that rotates at high speeds. Milling cutters come in various shapes and sizes, depending on the specific operation and desired outcome. 
• Spindle: The spindle is responsible for rotating the cutting tool. It can move vertically, which allows for depth control when cutting into the workpiece.
• Column: The column is a vertical support that connects the base to the overhead components of the machine. Users can adjust it to accommodate different workpiece heights.
• Knee: The knee is a vertical component that users can adjust up and down, allowing for changes in the vertical positioning of the worktable and the spindle.
• Saddle: The saddle supports the worktable and is moveable along the machine’s base. It enables users to position the workpiece longitudinally. 

Milling Machine Types

Here are the most common types of milling machines:

• Vertical Milling Machine: This variant’s configuration allows users to mount the workpiece on the table, which can move in the X and Y directions. Vertical milling machines are suitable for tasks such as drilling, slotting, and milling flat surfaces.
• Horizontal Milling Machine: Basically, this variant’s spindle is horizontally parallel to the worktable. Horizontal milling machines are suitable for cutting grooves, gears, and other precision components. 
• Universal Milling Machines: This comes with a swiveling table that woodworkers can adjust at various angles. Universal milling machines are suitable for a wide range of operations, including complex and angular machining. 
• Bed Type Milling Machine: Bed type versions have a fixed bed with the worktable mounted on it. These machines have great stability and are also suitable for heavy-duty milling operations.
• Planer Type Milling Machine: Planer mills are large, heavy-duty machines primarily used for heavy, roughing cuts. They have a stationary worktable and a cross rail that moves the cutting tool horizontally.
• CNC Milling Machine: CNC (Computer Numerical Control) variants come with computerized controls, making them capable of performing precise and complex operations automatically.