A random orbit sander is a handheld power tool used in woodworking and finishing applications to sand surfaces in a smooth and uniform manner. 

Basically, the tool combines the random sanding motion of an orbital sander with the rotational movement of a disc sander (hence the name “random orbit”). This dual-action sanding motion helps prevent swirl marks and produce high-quality finish on the workpiece.

Random Orbit Sander Types

Random orbital sanders come in different variants for various applications and materials. Here are some common types:

• Regular: Regular orbit sanders are the most common and are suitable for a wide range of sanding tasks. They come with a handle and a round sanding pad that moves in both circular and random orbital patterns.
• Palm Grip: These are small, lightweight sanders that are ideal for small to medium-sized tasks for their control and maneuverability. 
• Large: Large random orbital sanders have a larger pad that are suitable for heavy-duty work such as sanding hardwood floors.
• Variable Speed: Variable speed random orbital sanders allows users to adjust the speed depending on the task at hand.
• Cordless: A cordless random orbit sander is a rechargeable battery-powered variant, eliminating the need for cords and power outlets.
• Air-powered (Pneumatic): These sanders use compressed air and are useful in professional settings. Pneumatic orbital sanders are lightweight and offer consistent power, but require an air compressor.
• Dust Extraction: Some sanders come with either built-in dust extraction systems, or can be connected to a vacuum cleaner. This helps reduce airborne dust that can harm the eyes and lungs.
• Finishing: A finishing random orbital sander is useful for fine finishing work. This includes sanding between coats of paint or varnish. They often have a smaller pad size and a slower speed setting.
• Rotary: This type combines the random orbital motion with a rotary action. It can handle tougher material removal while providing a swirl-free finish.
• Geared: This variant has a more vigorous sanding action due to their gear mechanism. They are effective for fast material removal but may leave behind swirl marks, so they often require finer sanding afterwards.
• Detail: a detail random orbit sander is compact in size and suited for sanding in tight or intricate spaces, such as corners and edges.

Handling Safety

Here are some tips for safer woodworking operations:

• Proper Training: If you are new to using a random orbit sander, consider seeking guidance or training from an experienced professional.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear protection such as goggles, hearing protectors, respirator, and gloves.
• Inspect the Tool:  Inspect the sander for any damages, and loose or worn parts. Check the sanding paper as well and fasten them securely.
• Use Two Hands: For better control, use both hands to operate the tool; one on the main handle and the other on the auxiliary handle.
• Switch Off When Not in Use: Always make sure that the sander is turned off before changing sandpaper or making adjustments.
• Emergency Stop: Learn how to quickly turn off the random orbit sander in case of emergency using the tool’s emergency stop features.